Composition: Part II
When it comes to producing your shots, there are a few things to keep in mind. Firstly, try to avoid putting your subject in the middle of the shot. Off-center arrangements are generally more visually appealing and can provide a sense of dynamics to your picture. Secondly, be aware of the rule of thirds, which states that an image is more attractive when the subject is placed along one of the frame's three divisions and the appropriate format is chosen.
Horizontal or Vertical
Which way should I turn the camera? This is a common question. Many amateurs rarely, if ever, turn the camera in order to compose a shot in a vertical format. Why? The answer may be simply because they are used to seeing the world through a horizontal format. Or maybe it is because they have not yet realized that one key point of composition is to match the shape of the frame to the shape of the subject. Or perhaps it's because they just haven't ever done it that way before. Perhaps after reading this article they will be inspired to flip their cameras a time or two to get some great shots they may have otherwise been missing.
Choosing which format to use is a very important part of composition. Try it both ways. View the scene in both formats, see which one looks better. But more importantly, there are several guidelines to keep in mind when deciding which format to use. Below are several guidelines to follow and the when and why's of using each one. Study the examples and try to apply the guidelines to your own work. The frame shape should always match the shape of the subject. For instance, if shooting a skyline scene, the only choice is horizontal.
Why? Because a skyline is horizontal, it follows the horizon. On the other hand, if the subject is a skyscraper, the choice would be vertical. Why? Because skyscrapers are vertical buildings. The shape of the frame isolates the subject. Compositions should not look like a round peg shoved into a square hole. The frame should compliment, not distract from, the total composition. Should this rule of thumb ever be broken? Of course, but only if you have a very good reason for doing so and only if the frame choice adds to the theme.
Take a look at the three images of the roses. In the first photo, the photographer has chosen to place a rose dead center of the frame. Why? There seems to be no valid reason for this placement and two-thirds of the space is wasted. The subject is a single rose. Flowers with long stems are naturally vertical in shape. Then why place it into a horizontal frame? Why place it dead center?
Look at the second image of the same flower. The change is in the format, here the flower itself is the subject and the viewers know it immediately because the wasted space is gone. Now look at the last image of the roses. This composition works? Why? Because here the subject is not a single rose, but rather a group of roses in a horizontal arrangement. The repetition is carried out through all three thirds of the image. The repetition is the subject or theme, not the single rose. A single rose is vertical whereas a bed of roses is horizontal. The choice of format emphasizes the subject and reinforces the theme.
Choosing the format also depends on the viewpoint from which you shoot the subject. The background is the first, most obvious difference between one viewpoint and another. If you're capturing a thing that can't be moved due to practicality or space restrictions, the only way to change what's behind, is to select a new vantage point.
Tip: Using a wide-angle lens to capture more of the surrounding environment around the subject might also aid in framing the picture. This may be utilized to offer depth and size, or simply to add interest to the background. Wide-angle lenses can also make the main subject appear smaller than they are, which can be used on its own or in conjunction with other elements. But let's back again to format examples.
Look at the three photos below. Because of the placement of the bird in the frame as well as the format, each one tells a different story. In the first one, the bird itself is the subject. The frame matches the shape of the bird. In the second photo, there seems to be no direct relationship to the shape of the bird and the photographer's choice of frame shape. The poor bird seems squished into the frame. The only relative theme here may be to show the bird's habitat. In that case, the bird is not the subject, the habitat is the subject. In the third image, the bird is again the subject but the theme has changed. Is the bird ready to fly away? Has it sensed the photographer's presence? We don't know, but because of the placement in the frame we can assume that the photographer used a horizontal format and left one-third of the frame blank for a very good reason.
Pros and Cons
Horizontal Format
PROS
-Shows more of the scene in one frame
-Good for wide shots
-Works well for landscapes and other nature shots
CONS
-Can make subjects look small or unimportant
-Not as good for close ups or portraits
Vertical Format
PROS
- Makes subjects look taller/ more important
- Good for close ups and portraits
- Creates a sense of depth
CONS
- Can be hard to fill the frame without cutting off part of the subject
- Not as good for wide shots
Learn to use frame shape as important tool in composition. Look for examples in magazines and try to understand when and why to use different views. If you notice, magazines favor the vertical format. Why? Because it cuts down on wasted space. Most often, only true landscapes will be used in the horizontal format. Is that always the case? No, but it is the most common.
It is important to pay attention to the shape of the actual subject when choosing the frame shape. Not only will your shots look better, they will start to look more professional.